The Professional Development Of A Teacher - 1631 Words

As an aspiring teacher I feel that it is extremely important to recognise that good teaching methods have a significant positive impact on how students lean. It is crucial to understand that a good teacher does not just simply require advanced skills and knowledge in their subject area but is essential that we are good role models to pupils, as well as promoting a good example of moral and ethical and positive attitudes. â€Å"In addition to knowing what and knowing how, teachers must also be competent in knowing how and knowing when† (Calderhead and Shorrock 1997) The professional development of a teacher is a lifelong process beginning with initial teacher training and continuing throughout the entire career of a teacher. In basic terms teacher development is described as continuous teacher training. However, I find the following description of the professional development of a teacher much more satisfying. â€Å"The professional growth a teacher achieves as a result of gaining increased experience and examining his or her teaching systematically.† (Glathorn, 1995, page 41) Glathorn describes the development of a teacher on a much deeper level and upon reading his description of teacher development I feel that it evokes a profounder meaning and also highlights The importance of evaluation which is one of the four key aspects I have chosen to discuss. I believe that evaluation is an extremely important aspect in relation to the professional development of a teacher. TwoShow MoreRelatedProfessional Development for Teachers Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesBased on the inquiry of empowering professional development, many findings come into play. At times we feel as though professional development is worthless and a waste of time. Gusky also, addresses that at times why so many professional developments are inadequate. There are reasons why we feel that way and reasons of which we should not have if we were actually getting something out the workshops. A common goal must first be set in the mind of the participants thus leading to the building of professionalismRead MorePlanning For Professional Development Of Teachers1627 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning for professional development of teachers Reem Alruyali HDL 692 The need for professional growth is constant in the Education field because teachers cannot live a lifetime on a specific set of knowledge, skills, and competencies with the open pressure and progress of knowledge that is available in this current day and age. This requires the teacher to keep informed at a level of renewed information, skills, and modern trends in teaching methods and techniques. Thus, education for teacher growthRead MoreProfessional Development Of An Effective Teacher1432 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many factors involved in the professional development of an effective teacher. Drawing on relevant literature, identify and explain four key aspects that are important for teacher development. Thinking about your own professional development, select your personal priority from these four aspects and provide justification for your choice. As an aspiring teacher I feel that it is extremely important to recognise that good teaching methods have a significant positive impact of how studentsRead MoreThe Artistic And Professional Development Of Teachers Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Artistic and Professional Development of Teachers: A Study of Teachers’ Attitudes towards and Use of the Arts in Teaching, Barry Oreck 1. What would this study have to look like in order for it be predominately qualitative? The qualitative feature in this study is only minimal. To alter to a predominately qualitative study; first, Oreck would need to expand the narrative section either through interview or observation. Second, utilize purposeful sample and narrow phenomena scope to ensureRead MoreThe Impact Of Teacher Professional Development Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesHughes, and Cotabish (2014) sought to discover the impact of teacher professional development, as well as, a problem-based curriculum on gifted, elementary student’s science achievement. The study compared two groups of students in grades second through fifth by placing them into a treatment group versus a comparison group. Over the course of a two-year period, STEM starters provided 120 hours of professional development to teachers in a problem-based, inquiry learning curriculum through 30 hoursRead MoreProfessional Development At A Charter School Teacher844 Words   |  4 PagesAs a charter school teacher, I have had many Professional Development days dedicated to classroom management. The latest one focused on Positive Classroom Management. This PD day was by far the most positive and enlightening guidance to classroom management. There are times when I have faced the challenge of remaining positive and calm no matter what situation occurs. The important thing to remember is to stay positive. All students respond to incentives and one of the greatest incentives is theRead MoreTeacher And Administrator Perception Of Professional Development4031 Words   |  17 Pagesfour will provide an analysis of teacher and administrator perception of professional development based on the results of the Standards Assessment Inventory 2. While many studies have been completed analyzing perception of professional development, there is a lack of data specifically related to STEM teachers. In addition, little data exist that compare STEM educator perception of professional development to administrator perception of professional development or analysis of perception accordingRead MoreThe Importance Of My Professional Development As A Teacher943 Words   |  4 PagesThis assignment will critically analyse and reflect on the poster, highlighting on the five relevant roles of my professional development as a teacher. It will further provide me with a framework in which the context of the poster (Appendix1) can set relevance, on how these roles can be experienced within the classroom environment of teaching and learning by linking different theories and strategies into practice. The theme of this poster reflects on the Plato’s theory of â€Å"Allegory of the cave†Read MoreThe Core Features Of Teacher Professional Development7561 Words   |  31 Pageshistory, importance and the core features of teacher professional development. Second, it presents main stages and primary models of teacher professional development. Third, it presents the role of principal leadership in a teacher’s professional growth. Fourth, it presents a review of some cases of successful and unsuccessful teacher professional development programs of American public schools, and some reasons for failure of professional development programs. Finally, it presents the basic conceptsRead MoreTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains1468 Words   |  6 PagesTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains The achievement of students results from the work of knowledgeable, experienced, and skilled teachers. Therefore, there is a need to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers to ensure that the achievement of students is possible. Investment in education must include allocation of funds and time for professional development of teachers in elementary education. There are many options in developing the skills and knowledge of teachers

Same Sex Marriage (Debate Paper) - 4727 Words

That Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized In The Philippines (-) In partial fulfilment of the requirements in LOGIC Submitted to: Ms. Violeta M. Tabin Submitted by: Cherish Aivina Rivera Gian Marla Valdez Alexis Paul Canales Timothy Compra Alma Godenes March 13, 2013 Wednesday PREMISES 1. It leads to moral degradation. 2. It will increase cases of sexually transmitted diseases. 3. It destroys the true essence of family. 4. It creates gender confusion among children. 5. It is immoral. INTRODUCTION Same-sex marriage is marriage between two†¦show more content†¦For instance, †¢ Emperor Nero is reported to have engaged in a marriage ceremony with one of his male slaves. †¢ Emperor Elagabalus married a Carian slave named Hierocles. It should be noted, however, that conubium existed only between a civis Romanus and a civis Romana (that is, between a male Roman citizen and a female Roman citizen), so that a so-called marriage between two Roman males (or with a slave) would have no legal standing in Roman law (apart, presumably, from the arbitrary will of the emperor in the two aforementioned cases). Furthermore, matrimonium is an institution involving a mother, mater. The idea implicit in the word is that a man takes a woman in marriage, in matrimonium ducere, so that he may have children by her. Still, the lack of legal validity notwithstanding, there is a consensus among modern historians that same-sex relationships existed in ancient Rome, but the exact frequency and nature of same-sex unions during that period is obscure. In 342 AD Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans issued a law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) prohibiting same-sex marriage in Rome and ordering execution for those so married. The first documented same-sex marriage was between the two men Pedro Dà ­az and Muà ±o Vandilaz, in the Galician municipality of Rairiz de Veiga in Spain, on April 16, 1061. They wereShow MoreRelatedFeminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesPosition paper 1. An introduction This paper will be presenting a position paper focusing on the debate whether we are living in a post-feminist period in which gender is no longer a major barrier to equity. The paper will utilise feminism theory through use of article to create an argument to support this debate. It will also incorporate some compelling case justifying the researcher’s position. †¢ Identification of the issue (background information) Post Feminism simply can be referred toRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1188 Words   |  5 Pagesmost specifically, the topic of same sex marriage. While a copious amount of people agree that same sex marriage is no different than heterosexual marriage and should be awarded the same protection, others argue that it is an infringement upon family values, tradition, and religious sensibilities. Over the past few years, several state appellate courts have looked at whether their respective state constitutions actually protect the right to marry a same-sex partner. These courts addressingRead MoreKant and Gay Marriage Essays859 Words   |  4 Pagesperson to obey in similar circumstances. It is our obligation as people worthy of dignity to administer our own actions by rational maxims. Same sex marriage rights in the United States My universal maxim would be for the allowance of gay people to participate in our democratic process of marriage. This issue is very critical in today’s modern debate and could be easily argued for and against on moral, religious and ethical grounds. It should be noted that Kant’s views were created along timeRead MoreThe Issue With Same-Sex Marriages1568 Words   |  6 Pagesincreased debate about the issue of same-sex marriage. For many, it is one of the fundamental human rights to love and marry whomever one chooses. Others feel that this right should be ruled by certain moral codes and restrictions in order to maintain the basic moral fabric of Western society. Today, many critics who advocate for the legalization of same-sex marriage across the United States do so on the grounds of the fact that it will create a more equal and fair society. Same-sex marriage, or indeedRead MoreJonathan Rauch : For Better Or Worse?1296 Words   |  6 PagesCheyenne Elizondo PHIL 323 Term Paper 04 NOV 2014 Jonathan Rauch: â€Å"For Better or Worse?† Jonathan Rauch’s article titled â€Å"For Better or Worse?† discusses the main purpose of marriage and how marriage has changed over time . Jonathan says marriage nowadays is between two individuals and how that couple interprets it. Throughout his article, Rauch debates on the negative views of gay marriage. He states his contempt for these views and states a detailed reason why gay marriage makes sense. He makes it knownRead MoreShould Gays Be Allowed to Marry1476 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 3, 2012 Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Marriage: a legally recognized relationship, established by civil or religious ceremony, between two people who intend to live together as sexual and domestic partners. Typically this is between a man and a woman, in love, as they come before their families, to pledge to spend the rest of their lives together. As times continue to evolve around the world so has the idea and laws concerning marriage. Marriage is no longer just about a man and a womanRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized in the United States Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesDebate Paper Should same sex marriage be legalized in the United States? In some of our states laws have already been passed to allow same sex couples the freedom to get married, while other states are still resisting for one reason or another. As with everything else there is more than one side, more than one argument supporting and more than one argument resisting the changes being proposed. There are religious reasons, moral reasons, constitutional reasons and financial reasons being used by bothRead MoreThe Prohibition Of Same Sex Marriage1326 Words   |  6 PagesGrisales, Estefania Philosophy Paper Tuesday, Thursday 11:15 AM Why Should People Interfere in Someone Else’s Decision of Who to Love?: Same-Sex Marriage In this paper, I argue against the prohibition of same-sex marriage. To begin, the prohibition is a violation of personal freedom. We should respect the freedom each human has to choose who they want to love and who they want to spend their lives with; why should it be somebody else’s decision when is a personal life. Furthermore, it is importantRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1309 Words   |  6 PagesSame-sex marriage; why is it even an issue in this era? To put it into perspective, almost 9 million Americans are identified as a homosexual, meaning this is not just a minor issue. Also, with our society making significant movements toward equality in recent decades both in gender and racial issues, one has to think about sexual equality in the United States. I will explain to the reader why we should legalize same-sex marriage, especially in terms of justice and the benefits our society receivesRead More The Same Sex Marriage Debate Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pa gesThe Same Sex Marriage Debate The controversial debate over whether same sex marriage should be legalized has gained a lot of attention in recent years and there are strong arguments for each side of the issue. There are many different factors that must be looked at when considering same-sex marriage. A marriage is not something that is just slapped on a piece of paper to show a couples love; it involves legal, social, economic, and spiritual issues. Throughout this essay, I intend to focus

Albert Bandura free essay sample

There, he collaborated with one of his graduated students named Richard Walters. The result of it, was their first book in 1959 Adolescent Aggression. In 1973, Albert Bandura was president of the APA and received and award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions in 1980. To this day, he continues working at Stanford University. The social learning theory by Albert Bandura talks about the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. His most famous experiment was the ? Bobo Doll? study in 1961. In this experiment, made a movie in which a woman was beating a doll and shouting aggressive words. In was shown to a group of children. After that, the children were allowed to play in a room with the same doll. They immediately began to beat the doll down imitating the same actions and words the woman had in the movie. Bandura establish certain steps involved in the modeling process: 1. Attention: If you are going to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Albert Bandura or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Retention: You must be able to remember what you have paid attention 3. Reproduction: You have translated the images or descriptions in actual behavior. 4. Motivation: You? e still not going to anything unless you are motivated. He also believed that modeling has several affects on learners: * Acquisition: New responses are learned by observing the model. * Inhibition: The observer may changed when he sees the model being punished. * Disinhibition: Reduction of fear by observing the model. * Facilitation: A model elicits from an observer a response that has already been learned. * Creativity: Observing several models performing and then adapting a combination of characteristics or styles. Cuing and Self-Efficacy are also other contributions from Bandura. Cuing refers to actions that make stimuli more outstanding and those more likely to be noticed. Self-Efficacy, refers to the higher goals challenges people set for themselves and their commitment to them. Bandura’s great contribution to psychology brought him many awards and honors. He became the president of the American Psychological Association and the Western Psychological Association. He received twelve honorary degrees from distinguished universities like the University of British Columbia, University of Rome, University of Salamanca, Indiana University, University of New Brunswick, and many others. He has also awarded the Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology Award by the APA in August 2004. Albert Bandura proved to be one of the greatest minds in psychology. His studies and achievements will be an inspiration to other people that want to become a psychologist. He will always be remembered for his valuable contribution to the study of human behavior. As reading his life, Albert Bandura is a psychologist based in modeling. His experiments show him and us that most of the time people imitate behaviors they have seen from other people. For example, a small girl who likes to try on make-up and heels, she does it because sometimes she sees her more putting on make-up and heels to go to work or to dinner. It also happens when you a teen or adult have a idol, it can be an artist or athlete, if he has or use something, just because he is using it, you immediately are going to buy it. So this can show us that most of the things be do and most of the behaviors he have, are part of the social learning. Albert Bandura Biography (1925- ) [online] Available in: http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_bandura. htm [October 22, 2011] * Albert Bandura [online] Available in: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html [October 22, 2011] * Albert Bandura Self Efficacy and Social Learning Theory [online] Available in: http://www. smart-goal-setting-tips. com/albert-bandura. html [October 23, 2011] * Albert Bandura [online] Available in: http://des. emory. edu/mfp/bandurabio. html [October 23, 2011]

Law of Computers Pty Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Computers Pty Ltd. Answer: Issues Validity of the restrain clause that is imposed by Computers Pty Ltd on Chu? Whether the company established by Chu wife be considered as company framed by Chu. Can the veil of the company be pierced? Can Computers Pty Ltd sue Systems Pty Ltd for solicitation of its customers? Relevant Law The applicability of restrain clause and piercing of the veil of the company are the two leading principles which are required to be analyzed in order to resolve the issues. The restrain clauses main aim was to put restriction on an employee and forbidding him to carry out few tasks which otherwise he is free to do. The restrain clause is normally imposed by an employer upon an employee. As per the clause the employer restricts an employee to trade in similar business activities in which the employer is involved in for a particular period of time or at a particular place and is rightly held in Murray v Yorkshire Fund ManagersLtd and another [1]. The restrain clause is also imposed so that the employee does not solicit the clients of the employer. The restrain clause is valid when made part of the contract and by mutual consent of the parties.[2] The justification on the legality of the restring clause is found on the fact that when an employee is working with an employer, then, he is aware of many informations which if leaked out to the outside world or competitors, then, it may hamper the business, image and clientage of the employer. So, in order to protect the same, the employer can rely on the restrain clause. Thus, the main reasons for the applicability of the restrain clause are: To retain the confidential information of the company; To retain the goodwill of the company; To prevent the employee to solicit the clients of the company; To restrict the employee to compete with the business of the employee for particular period or at a particle place[3]. When there is legitimate interest of the employer involved. The restrain clauses are find to be important and must be incorporated so that an employer can protect his business which he has nurtured with lodes of hard work and pain. But, the restrain clauses must be only valid if they are for short duration of time, that is, one year or two years etc and is rightly held in Seven Network (Operations) Limited v Warburton (No 2) [4]. If the employer is relying on longer restrain clauses then he must justify the same.[5] Now, there is yet principle that is important is the piercing the separate legal entity of the company. Whenever a company is formed then a company is not a real person, but, upon its incorporation a company is considered to be an artificial person. It is a person in the sense that it can hold property, file suits, pay taxes, etc and everything is carried out in its in name, but it is called artificial because the acts are not done by the company directly but with the help of its officers and employees. Mainly the company has its own separate legal personality which is distinct from its officers.[6] Now, whenever any act or omission is undertaken by the company then the same is in the name of the company and no one else is responsible for the same except the company. This is the principle of Separate legal entity and is analyzed in Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd[7]. in Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd[8] recognition is granted to the principle and it was held that an officers can be an employee and acts as a company director at the same time. [9] But, there are situations wherein the officers carry out tasks in the name of the company but the same are for the own benefit or which are detrimental to the company. In such cases, the courts are willing to the pierce the veil of the company and hold the officers directly for such acts or omission which are carried out by them in the name of the company. Some of the instances are when there is presence of agency, fraud, fabrication, etc in Gilford Motor Company Ltd v. Horne[10], a fraud is committed by the officer of the company. He in order to solicit the customer of his own company established a new company in the name of his wife. The new company main area of work is similar to the work of the officers company and is also soliciting its clients. The court held that the new company is established mainly to commit fraud on the company of the officer by the officer itself. The veil of the new company was pierced and the officer and the company were holding out to be same.[11] Thus, the courts are willing to pierce the veil of the company and to disregard the principle of separate legal personality and to consider that the acts of the officers are the acts of the company and thus can hold the officers personally liable for the same. Thus, these are the two important legal principles which are required to resolve the raised issues. Application of law Issue 1 The restrain clause is valid that is imposed by Computers Pty Ltd on Chu. Computers Pty Ltd has restricted Chu so that he does not compete against the company. Chu was the operations manager from past five years and is able to know most of the clients of the company. In March 2014, Chu was fifty years of age and retired and left the company. Now, the restrain clause is considered to be valid because it will protect the confidential information of the company which is attained by Chu while working with Computers Pty Ltd. So in order to devoid Chu from leaking out such confidential information and to protect the goodwill of the company which it has attained over the years, the clause is valid. The legitimate interest of Computers Pty Ltd is protected by relying on the clause. Also, the clause is any or two years and is only restrain Chu from dealing in same trade in New South Wales, that is, particular geographical region. Thus, as per Seven Network (Operations) Limited v Warburton (No 2), the duration of two years is valid in law. Thus, the restrain clause is valid. Issue 2 Computers Pty Ltd is dealing in a business of retail of computer software and hardware. Chu retired from the company in March. In April, his wife, established a company which deals in retailing of computer software and hardware. Now, all the issues share capital of the Systems Pty Ltd was in the name of wife. She was the only director. Now, most of the clients of Systems Pty Ltd are solicited from Computers Pty Ltd in New South Wales. It is submitted that by applying Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne it is held that though the company, Systems Pty Ltd, was established in the name of the wife of Chu, but, the main acts which are carried out by the wife of Chu is as per the directions of Chu. The Systems Pty Ltd is established mainly to defraud Computers Pty Ltd and to solicit its customers. Thus, the veil of Systems Pty Ltd. is pierced and the company established by the wife of Chu must be regarded to be framed by the Chu himself. He must be considered to be soliciting the customers of Computers Pty Ltd and dealing in retailing of computer software and hardware. Issue 3 Now, the company which is framed by Chu wife is not o be established by her, but, the same was considered to be the act of Chu. Also, Chu was soliciting the customers of Computers Pty Ltd and dealing in retailing of computer software and hardware. This act was strictly restricted by Computers Pty Ltd and which prohibit Cu from doing so for next two years in New South Wales. But, Chu was carrying out such prohibited activity within New South Wales and within the span of two years. Thus, the restrain clause was violated by Chu. So Computers Pty Ltd can sue Systems Pty Ltd for solicitation of its customers. Conclusion It is thus concluded that the restrain clause established by Computers Pty Ltd is valid. However the company which is made by Chus wife is not of her own but is in the shield of Chu. So, the shield was pierced and the company was considered to be carrying out the activities as per the wish of Chu. So, by carrying out the activities in the name of Systems Pty Ltd, Chu is soliciting the clients of Computers Pty Ltd. Thus, Computers Pty Ltd can sue Systems Pty Ltd for solicitation of its customers. Bibliography Books/Articles/Journals Christensen, S and Duncan,W, Sale of Businesses in Australia (Federation Press, 2009). Gibson, A and Fraser, DBusinessLaw 2014 (Pearson Education Australia, 2013). Hargovan, Anil, Piercing the Corporate Veil on Sham Transactions and Companies (2006) 24 Company and SecuritiesLaw Journal 436. Ramsay, I and Noakes, D Piercing the Corporate Veil in Australia (2001) 19 Company and Securities Law Journal 250. Case laws Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne[1933] Ch 935. Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961). Murray v Yorkshire Fund ManagersLtd and another [1997]. Seven Network (Operations) Limited v Warburton (No 2) (2011). Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL 1. Woolworths Limited V Mark Konrad Olson (2014). TheLaw Teacher, The Separate Entity principle (2017) https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/company-law/the-separate-entity-principle.php

Substance Abuse Media Representation of Drug Abusers

The war on drugs is not over yet and it is unlikely to be finished in the recent future. Americans are bombarded by messages about negative effects of substance abuse. Media provide a variety of stories about violent crimes associated with drug abuse.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Officials keep talking about the necessity to launch programs aimed at promulgating healthy life styles. Admittedly, these strategies will help develop appropriate public opinion on the matter. Nevertheless, it is important to take into account various trends existing in the society. Thus, it is important to understand that the attitude towards substance abuse is not static as it is constantly changing. It is also crucial to make sure there is no bias in media representation of substance abusers as this negatively affects development of the American society. Finally, it is important to understand to what extent the image created by media does influence people and shapes their attitude towards substance abuse. Therefore, it is possible to state that appropriate media representation of substance abuse may help develop American society where drugs are seen as something harmful, unnecessary and needless. To develop appropriate strategies aimed at promulgating healthy life styles, it is necessary to make sure that they will be based on extensive data on substance abusers. According to Kugler and Darley (2012) the very image of drug abusers has changed throughout decades. In the twentieth century, â€Å"the media supported a punitive approach to drug policy† (Kugler Darley, 2012, p. 217). Drug abusers were depicted as people who were often engaged in violent crime activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Reportedly, Americans had concerns that their close ones might become victims of a variety of crimes associated with drugs (Kugler Darley, 2012). Nonetheless, the perception is changing as people start adopting less punitive approach in the twenty-first century. According to Kugler and Darley (2012, p. 217) â€Å"only 30 percent of the public now believes that the government should emphasize arresting drug users† and there is growing support of legalization of such substance as marijuana. In many states across the country, more and more people are changing their viewpoint on the matter. Marijuana is not seen as a harmful drug anymore as it is regarded as another medication. These trends signify the shift in public opinion. Now drugs are not regarded as primary concern in the American society. As has been mentioned above, media representation of drug abusers is subjected to a variety of prejudice. According to Cobbina (2008), racial and ethnic minority groups are often depicted as substance abusers. These groups of people are often associated with drug-related crimes. Cobbina (2008) implemented research based on analysis of more than 100 newspaper articles. The author found that African Americans had often been depicted as substance abusers and criminals who threatened order in the American society. Fig..1. Drug Use in 2002-2011 by Race. This figure illustrates the rates of drug abusers among different race groups (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At this point, it is necessary to point out that race is not the defining factor when it comes to substance abuse. According to US Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Asians turned out to be the ethnic group with lower rates of substance abusers compared to other ethnic groups ( see Figure 1). In 2011, the rate of substance abusers were as follows, African Americans (10%), whites (8.7%), Hispanics (8.4%) (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Clearly, race is not the defining factor affecting people’s choice. At the same time, education and socioeconomic factors play primary roles (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Minorities often face a lot of discrimination and they often have fewer opportunities. This may lead to lack of self-esteem which, in its turn, may lead to drug abuse. Nonetheless, the data show that ethnic groups have quite similar rates of drug abusers. Irrespective, of these data media continue developing an image of a substance abuser as a person of color who is often engaged in unlawful activities. Beckett et al. (2005) provided illustration of the image that persisted in the society in the end of the twentieth century and in the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to Beckett et al. (2005), t he image of a non-white drug abuser is still strong and still affects the way police treat criminals and suspects. Now many people tend to believe that black or Hispanic drug abusers must be punished severely as they may be engaged in a variety of violent crimes whereas white drug abusers should be let off with warnings and fines and some public works. The reasons why people of different racial groups become substance abusers are also seen differently. White substance abusers are often seen as victims of unemployment, lack of opportunities, bad environment, etc. When it comes to people of color, many consider substance abusers to be criminals, not victims.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to note that this image also persists in media which can have a variety of effects on the contemporary American society. According to Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) media representation shapes public opinion and especially young people’s attitudes towards substance abuse to a considerable extent. The research implemented by Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) illustrates this assumption. Thus, Amy Whitehouse is seen as a talented young female who became a victim of substance abuse. At that, she is seen as a victim of drug dealers. Though, the singer somewhat romanticized substance use in her works, people do not think that she stimulated young admirers to start taking drugs. On the contrary, her sudden death can be regarded as a precaution to all who might consider taking drugs. Amy Whitehouse is an illustration of an image of a white young female who is rather a victim of unfavorable environment. Shaw, Whitehead and Giles (2010) analyzed a number of newspapers articles and it turned out that those sources created the image of a victim. It is possible to elicit another image. Cobbina (2008) provided an illustration of another image. When it came to white arrestees, they were regarded as those who bought the substance for personal use. Again, white abusers were represented as victims who tried to escape from reality as they did not find another way to address their problems associated with financial constraints. At the same time, people of color were depicted as criminals who sold and bought drugs and were drug abusers. It is possible to note that media have created an image of a black arrestee who is a criminal and a threat to the American society. Clearly, these two images have been created on the basis of a variety of biases. People tend to think that people of color often live in poor neighborhoods with few opportunities and this, as people think, inevitably leads to drug abuse. More so, many think that people of color choose criminal path and become a threat to the entire society. At the same time, white abusers are regarded as victims of criminal groups. It is also necessary to note that media representation of substance abusers affects public opinion. Notably, many people keep talking about romanticizing of drugs use as many films and songs create images of a drug abuser who is creative, strong and free. However, latest surveys show that this representation is not enough to make young people start taking drugs (Shaw, Whitehead and Giles, 2010). Though, socioeconomic factors play essential role. Obviously, better life conditions and ‘healthy’ environment will encourage people to live without drugs. Media should also show the other side of drugs without emphasizing such points as ethnicity or race. To sum up, it is clear that media representation of drug abusers is subjected to changes. It reflects trends existing in the society. However, it also influences the way people see substance abusers. Ther efore, it is possible to launch various programs and initiatives to make people understand that drugs are harmful and unnecessary. Media can provide numerous stories creating adequate image of a drug abuser. Of course, this representation should be free from any bias. People cannot continue thinking that white substance abusers are only victims that should be understood and forgiven while people of color should be severely punished if associated with substance abuse. This wrongful representation leads to the situation when some people enjoy impunity whereas others are pursued for slightest mischief. Reference List Beckett, K., Nyrop, K., Pfingst, L. Bowen, M. (2005). Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle. Social Problems, 52(3), 419-441. Cobbina, J.E (2008). Race and class differences in print media portrayals of crack cocaine and methamphetamine. Journal of Criminal and Popular Culture, 15(2), 145-167. Kugler, M.B. Darley, J.M. (2012). Punitiveness towards users of illicit drugs: A disparity between actual and perceived attitudes. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 24(3), 217-221. Shaw, R.L., Whitehead, C. Giles, D.C. (2010). â€Å"Crack down on the celebrity junkies†: Does media coverage of celebrity drug use pose a risk to young people? Health, Risk Society, 12(6), 575-589. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Results from the 2011 national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/ This research paper on Substance Abuse: Media Representation of Drug Abusers was written and submitted by user Leilani Pennington to help you with your own studies. 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Quantify Quantify Quantify By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked me to discuss the word quantify: I was hoping you could help me with the word quantify. I feel like Im not quite using it correctly. As a term in logic, quantify means to ascribe universal or particular quantity to a term or proposition. For example, the statement â€Å"Dogs are playful† is not quantified. Adding a word like some or all quantifies it: â€Å"Some dogs are playful.† â€Å"All dogs are playful.† The Ngram Viewer indicates that quantify, along with metrics, has become especially popular since the 1960s. A Google search brings up 23,700,000 results for quantify and 90,600,000 for metrics. Note: The business definition of metrics is â€Å"standards of measurement by which efficiency, performance, progress, or quality of a plan, process, or product can be assessed.†    The urge to quantify by accumulating metrics seems to be as popular in our culture as coveting granite countertops. Job hunters are urged to quantify their resumes. Organizations study performance metrics. Bloggers quantify success by counting such things as visits and comments. As far as I can tell, in general usage, quantify means â€Å"put everything you can in the form of numbers or percentages.† Three ways to Quantify Achievements on Your Resume Quantifying the Clickbait and Linkbait in BuzzFeed Article Titles Track Thyself: Quantify Your Life For Productivity, Fun Quantify your ergonomic risk The Quantified Baby How to quantify your bodybuilding and transform your physique Social media users are obsessed with quantifying: I wish that I  could give more than five stars  for mobile kangaroo! . On a scale of 1 to 10  how would you rate your life? As of today I have over 100 followers on Twitter, and more  than 80 subscribers to my blog!   My  meow mix  video got a million shares  on Facebook today. The only errors I found in the use of quantify were in statements that used quantify where I would expect qualify. For example: â€Å"You need to quantify your opinions.† As the speaker was not asking for numbers, the verb qualify, â€Å"to modify (a statement, opinion, etc.) by the addition of some limitation or reservation,† was the more appropriate choice. If there’s a problem with the use of quantify, it lies in the implied message that everything of importance can be rendered in terms of numerical facts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should Know"Owing to" vs "Due to"How Do You Fare?

Frederick Taylors claim that his Scientific Management Principles Essay

Frederick Taylors claim that his Scientific Management Principles would lead to maximum prosperity for both employers and employees is inherently flawed - Essay Example The people are needed to work smarter instead of harder. Basically, his views are rooted in efficiency. Prior to his proposition, labor then can be considered as a specialized process for every worker. This includes the view of craftsmanship wherein only the particular worker has the idea regarding his work. The said process is viewed by Taylor as highly inefficient since the job done is completely dependent on the time set by the workers. This pushed Taylor propose the quantification of the work that are needed to be done. For that matter, he started to give possible ways and standards to be able to determine the rate of work needed and continuously improve the process (Darmody 1; Jones and George 20). To be able to achieve the efficiency that is needed, an able manager who can oversee the activities and can set the level of work that should be accomplished is another important factor of the scientific management. The mindset of the workers based on Taylor’s principles is needed to revolve around the factors such as efficiency and productivity. He believed that increased in production or the amount of work done is the most important aim in the industries. Basically during his time wherein there is a recognized need for increase in production, the idea he presented is highly applicable. For that matter, the scientific management is the first method and philosophy in management that had been known and applied internationally. It can be related to the idea of mass production by Ford which is also rooted for increased efficiency (Crainer 44). According to Taylor, scientific management is composed of 75 percent science and 25 percent common sense, thus, the method used in working is the most important component. For that matter he prioritizes the motivation of the workers through incurring the view that in every task that is undertaken, the search for the most efficient method is one of the main goals (Crainer 44). The fundamental

Topic Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Critique - Essay Example t "to the extent that an individual can learn to perform some mental skills without conscious attention, the conscious part of the brain is freed to attend to other mental activities, thus enlarging its cognitive scope (Dickinson). For example, a person who is interested in music will learn the lyrics and tunes of a song easily without giving much conscious attention to learn it. On the other hand, same person may struggle to learn mathematics in the absence of interest, even if he performs some conscious efforts. From the above examples it is clear that certain brain activities are controlling the learning capabilities of a person unknowingly. Herman Epstein suggested that periods of rapid brain growth are the times for intellectually challenging curriculum, and that plateau periods, such as in adolescence, are the times for more concrete, experiential learning rather than pushing students too soon into abstract thinking (Dickinson) The analysing powers of a person varies differently during his life span. Alcohol or drug usages may not be considered as a sin by some youths. But the same youths may regret for their activities after ten or fifteen years. In other words, same thing may be perceived differently by the same person during different stages of his life because of differences in brain activities at different periods. Music is an entity which can control and comfort the brain activities. Even distressed persons will get a soothing effect when they hear music. A calm and peaceful mind is essential for proper learning. A learner’s mind will always be under tension because of some external parameters which may have nothing to do with learning. Music can eliminate all such negative parameters of learning and can keep the learner’s mind fully focussed on the learning activity alone. All the people hate noise, but most of them like music because of its smooth rhythm and feeling it create. â€Å"The intentional use of music in the classroom will set the scene

The growth of international human resource management Literature review

The growth of international human resource management - Literature review Example Human resource management is facing stiff challenges now because of the diverse workforce in organizations and hence writing about HRM is worth now. The purpose of this article is to educate the readers about the importance of the International Journal of Human Resource Management (IJHRM) by Michael Poole and the publication of the first text book on IHRM, by Peter Dowling and Randall Schuler. In my opinion, this article is useful in giving the readers about the origin of publications in IHRM. The method used in this article is a comparative study. The author tried to link the parallel growth and progress of the field of IHRM to the evolution of the Dowling et al. book. This methodology helped the author to explain clearly about the importance of International Journal of Human Resource Management (IJHRM) and the Dowling et al. book in the current context of international business. This methodology seems to be appropriate for this article as the readers are getting ideas about the publications in the past and present in international human resource management. In this article, Barry Gerhart pointed out two major events took place in the field of international human resource management; the founding of the International Journal of Human Resource Management (IJHRM) by Michael Poole and the publication of the first text book on IHRM, which had as its main focus, HR in multinational corporations, by Peter Dowling and Randall Schuler (Gerhart, 2008, page1989, paragraph 1, line number 1-7). Moreover, the author also describes the parallel growth and progress of the field of IHRM, and link it to the evolution of the Dowling et al book since it first appeared in 1990 (Gerhart, 2008, page1989, paragraph 2, line number 6). The author argues that the IHRM world was much different than it is today when the Dowling et al text was first published in 1990. In his opinion, there

Marxist View Of The Colonialism History Essay

Marxist View Of The Colonialism History Essay European colonial period was the period 1500-1900 in most of the European powers to colonize Africa, America and Asia. Designed to boost the bottom of the first region of the national economy at the expense of rivals, the colonies are usually allowed to deal only with the mother nation. By mid-19th century, the great British Empire as trade restrictions mercantilism and established the principle of free trade, the conditions of the restrictions or charges. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2006 used the word colonialism to describe the process in Europe in other regions of the world, including the Americas, Australia, Africa and parts of Asia settlement and political control. Countries of imperialism and colonialism, constantly discussed because it is difficult to distinguish between these two words distinction, and use this project as a broad concept of colonialism is the dominant 16th-century European political project to the end of the twentieth century, the national liberation movement in the 1960s. The relationship between the colonial force of the majority (or import) and foreign invaders of indigenous minorities. What is the decision, affecting the life of colonial peoples and the implementation of the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests, is usually defined in a distant city. Refused to compromise cultural colonial population, are convinced the settlers and their ordained task, in order to rule out the advantage. [7] Activities that can be called colonialism has a long history. Africa, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans built in the ancient colony from the colonial empires. Metropolis from the Greek metropolis the mother city, colonial word comes from the Latin Cologne grew up. Between 11th and 18th centuries, Vietnamese established military colonies south of their original terrain and immersed the territory, in a procedure known as nam tià ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿n. Recent colonialism started with the Age of Discovery. Spain and portugal discovered new land built or opened large tracts of land between the ocean and shopping centers. For some people, it is the expansion of other types of construction colonialism colonial characteristics of the other side of the ocean. In this new land was divided between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, and so between the papal bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragoza (1529) of the Treaty. With this commercial revolution. See the late Middle Ages in Italy and the eastern Mediterranean, accounting and banking sector reform. These ideas were adopted, and adapt to the high risk in Western Europe, and return to the colonial enterprise. In the 17th century, the establishment of Dutch colonial empire and the French Empire and the French colonial empire, and later became the British Empire. He also believes that the establishment of colonial empires, colonies abroad in Denmark and Sweden. Reduce the spread of colonial empires in the late 19th century, the United States as early as in 18 of the Revolutionary War and the War of Independence in Latin America. However, the introduction of a new colony, after this period, including the Belgian colonial empire and German colonial empire. And participated in several European powers in the late 19th century, the scramble for Africa. I found, at the same time above the Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, but does not extend over the ocean. In contrast, the traditional route of the invasion of neighboring lands imperial expansion. , However, some of Russias Bering Strait colonial rule in the United States. Empire of Japan itself along the European colonial empires. Overseas Territories in the United States after the Spanish-American War, the American Empire. After World War I, the victors divided the German colonial empire. Many of the Ottoman Empire and between them these tasks Alliance land is divided into three different speed, and believes he will be ready for independence. [11] However, outside the United States until after World War II decolonization delay. In 1962, the United Nations Special Decolonization Committee, and is often referred to as the Committee of 24, in order to facilitate this process. In addition, tens of thousands of the independence movement and the political unity of the global project, the former colonies of the Movement of Non-Aligned key role in the decolonization efforts. Marxist view of colonialism Marxism sights colonialism as a form of capitalism, imposing exploitation and social variation. Marx believed that working within the capitalist world system, the uneven development of colonialism is closely related. A file corruption and large-scale development and system-dependent economic distortions, psychological and social chaos, poverty and the great dependence of neo-colonialism. [16] according to Marxist historians, whether it is in the Western European countries colony, stealing more than half of a normal life, the lack of nutrition citizens. [17] in the colonies and production means. Raw materials and looking for new investment opportunities is the result of the accumulation of capital, competition between capitalism. Lenin, imperialism, colonialism, imperialist monopoly capitalism through colonialism and night Sonja S. He explains: Vladimir Lenin called a firm principle of self-determination of the people in his socialist revolution thesis on the right to self-determinati on of the socialist Internationals plan OLL a key factor, he quoted Lenin that the right of peoples to self-determination, special rights, in the political sense of independence, freedom political separation of the rights of the oppressed countries. more specifically, the demand for political reasons. democracy suggests complete freedom to stir for secession and for a survey on secession by the seceding nation-state. In recent years, scientists have invested less attention to the discussion of colonialism in the Marxist tradition. This decline reflects the influence of Marxism in academic practice and policy. However, Marxism, moved the independence movement of all post-colonial theory and anti-colonial rule over the world. Drew attention to the expansion, helps to explain the concept of European politics after the end of the sustained economic development of direct political rule, and pointed out that the material basis of Marxism. From the point of view of Marxism, a form of imperialism is inevitable. Large population exported to overseas resource-rich land, the countrys industrial products and a reliable source of natural resources to create a market. Or, you can be the weakest countries face the choice between voluntary acceptance of foreign products, is not conducive to work under the influence of the local industry or political, in order to achieve the same goal. Marxs analysis of the progr essive forces of colonialism brought update feudal society like a transparent rationalization of foreign domination. However, his British hegemony account reflects the contradictions of capitalism in Europe. In both cases, the Marx recognized during the transition from feudal society to bourgeois society caused great pain at the same time stressed that the change is necessary and progressive end. He said, the penetration of the trade, lead to a social revolution in India. For Marx, the positive and negative consequences of the disease. Traditional farmers are losing their livelihoods, is a lot of human suffering, but also shows that the traditional rural communities far from ideal, but the site of class oppression and slavery, suffering and cruelty. The first phase of the modernization process is completely negative, because of the poor pay heavy taxes to support the British rule, withstand economic crisis the English cotton production cheaper. Ultimately, however, British merchants began to realize that the Indians can not afford to buy clothes or imports of British administration, if they do not effectively trade in goods, providing incentives for production and investment in infrastructure in the UK. Marx believed that the British ruled greedy and cruel exercise, he feels he is still an agent of progress. Therefore, Marx discussed the British rule in India three aspects: the account of the advanced nature of foreign domination, the critique of the human suffering involved, and the last parameter of the British rule should be temporary, if the evolutionary potential to achieve . Lenins perspective, imperialism clear key. He stressed that imperialism is a way to make the European countries to postpone the inevitable revolutionary crisis exports by countries with weak local economic burden. Lenin said, the economic logic of the reasons advanced capitalist imperialism in the late nineteenth century. Declining margins caused by the economic crisis can not be resolved through regional expansion. Group of capitalism forced to expand in seeking to transcend national boundaries, conquer new markets and resources. In a certain sense, Marxs analysis, see the expansion and the ongoing process of European colonialism in the country and throughout Europe within, which is fully compatible. The thought of Marx and Lenin, imperialism and colonialism led to the same logic, leading to economic development and modernization in the surrounding areas of Europe. But there is an element of the unique analysis, Lenin. Around the state monopoly capitalism since the end of the compet ition in the market take the form of military competition between the countries on Earth can be masters of their own exclusive economic zone.

FM Receivers Essay -- essays research papers

Abstract This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM. Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed later, in combination with relatively low cost of implementation, resulted in its rapid growth. In the years following World War Two, there were 600 licensed stations broadcasting in the U.S. By 1980, the number grew to 4000. On another historical note, in 1961 stations began broadcasting in stereo. The basic receiver design consists of the following components. An antenna is used to convert electro-magnetic waves into electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio, baseband and intermediate frequencies. The core of the FM receiver, the discriminator, comes in various circuit forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically, its role is to extract the intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component, essential in most electronic circuits, is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally, a transducer (speaker in the case of Radio) is needed to convert the message signal into its final form (audio, mechanical, etc ¡Ã‚ ­). Other components more specific to FM receivers are mixers combined with local oscillators used for frequency manipulation, limiters to control amplitude, de-emphasis and other filter circuits. 2 Mathematics of FM Unlike amplitude modulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t), is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1  ¦Ã‚ µFM(t) = Acos( ¦ÃƒË†... ...n its output proportional to s(t). Over a short time interval, this variation  ¡Ãƒâ€" C(wc-wo)t. Thus, the system continues to loop until the frequency of the VCO output matches or  ¡Ã‚ °locks ¡Ã‚ ± onto the incoming frequency. The time it takes for the system to  ¡Ã‚ °lock ¡Ã‚ ± is called the acquisition time. Once the frequencies match, s(t) becomes s(t) = AB/s sin( ¦ÃƒË†c- ¦ÃƒË†o) For an incoming FM signal s(t) = AB/2 sin( ¦ÃƒË†c(t)- ¦ÃƒË†o) = AB/2 sin (kf  ¡Ãƒâ€™m( ¦Ãƒâ€œ)d ¦Ãƒâ€œ  ¨C ¦ÃƒË†o) Running s(t) through a differentiator results in an AM signal which can be easily demodulated using envelope detection. Once the signal has been demodulated, it is then passed through a de-emphasis circuit, as mentioned earlier. Typically, it is then amplified one last time before heading to the output transducer. Conclusion In conclusion, the modulation/demodulation process for FM signals has proven to be much less straight forward than simple AM modulation. However, FM has considerable advantages and its use in radio, satellite and radar applications make it indispensable. Many methods of signal and system analysis along with filter and feedback design are employed in the building of an FM receiver, whether it be analog, digital or otherwise. FM Receivers Essay -- essays research papers Abstract This paper will discuss the design of an FM receiver. It will begin with a brief historical backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the necessary mathematical background of the modulation process. Furthermore, it will enumerate some of the advantages of FM over other forms of modulation, namely AM. Finally, the paper will discuss the design of a basic FM receiver as well as introduce some circuits and circuit components which the reader may not be familiar with. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) was invented in 1936 by an American electrical engineer/ inventor named Edwin H. Armstrong. Possessing numerous advantages over the existing AM broadcasting system, as will be discussed later, in combination with relatively low cost of implementation, resulted in its rapid growth. In the years following World War Two, there were 600 licensed stations broadcasting in the U.S. By 1980, the number grew to 4000. On another historical note, in 1961 stations began broadcasting in stereo. The basic receiver design consists of the following components. An antenna is used to convert electro-magnetic waves into electrical oscillations. Amplifiers are used throughout the receiver to boost signal power at radio, baseband and intermediate frequencies. The core of the FM receiver, the discriminator, comes in various circuit forms and is used in detection and demodulation. Basically, its role is to extract the intelligence or message from the carrier wave. Another component, essential in most electronic circuits, is the power supply (DC or AC converted to DC). Finally, a transducer (speaker in the case of Radio) is needed to convert the message signal into its final form (audio, mechanical, etc ¡Ã‚ ­). Other components more specific to FM receivers are mixers combined with local oscillators used for frequency manipulation, limiters to control amplitude, de-emphasis and other filter circuits. 2 Mathematics of FM Unlike amplitude modulation (AM) where the message or modulating signal, call it m(t), is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier signal, frequency modulation, as the name implies, uses m(t) to transform the frequency of the carrier. The amplitude of an FM signal should remain constant during the modulating process; an important property of FM. A general FM signal can be described by the following:1  ¦Ã‚ µFM(t) = Acos( ¦ÃƒË†... ...n its output proportional to s(t). Over a short time interval, this variation  ¡Ãƒâ€" C(wc-wo)t. Thus, the system continues to loop until the frequency of the VCO output matches or  ¡Ã‚ °locks ¡Ã‚ ± onto the incoming frequency. The time it takes for the system to  ¡Ã‚ °lock ¡Ã‚ ± is called the acquisition time. Once the frequencies match, s(t) becomes s(t) = AB/s sin( ¦ÃƒË†c- ¦ÃƒË†o) For an incoming FM signal s(t) = AB/2 sin( ¦ÃƒË†c(t)- ¦ÃƒË†o) = AB/2 sin (kf  ¡Ãƒâ€™m( ¦Ãƒâ€œ)d ¦Ãƒâ€œ  ¨C ¦ÃƒË†o) Running s(t) through a differentiator results in an AM signal which can be easily demodulated using envelope detection. Once the signal has been demodulated, it is then passed through a de-emphasis circuit, as mentioned earlier. Typically, it is then amplified one last time before heading to the output transducer. Conclusion In conclusion, the modulation/demodulation process for FM signals has proven to be much less straight forward than simple AM modulation. However, FM has considerable advantages and its use in radio, satellite and radar applications make it indispensable. Many methods of signal and system analysis along with filter and feedback design are employed in the building of an FM receiver, whether it be analog, digital or otherwise.

Reflections on the Black Race Essay

That the issue of Obama’s racial background is much talked about in terms of his fitness for the US presidency only proves this: that we Americans have a long way to go in our pursuit of adherence to the ideals of our declaration of independence. After all the document held the fundamental equality of people, and everyman’s inalienable rights, to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The declaration did not favor any race in the universality of its coverage. So how come some people have raised the specter of doom for America once the black mestizo Obama wins the US presidency? How come a Democrat lawyer is doggedly pursuing, ostensibly as a matter of principle—that Barack Obma is not a â€Å"natural born American† and is therefore unqualified to run for the presidency of the United States. The Democrat lawyer claimed his motivation was his loyalty to the US constitution. (Refer to the You Tube citation in the reference below for this item). But Surname 2 one can sense a certain ferocity in his campaign that didn’t seem to jibe with his claimed adherence. The dramatic performance of this Democrat lawyer complete with reciting his monologue with the Philadelphia edifice in his background is obviously a public relations stunt of a deeply rooted racist. This theatrics however considerably lost its mantle after a considered US statesman and former Secretary of State—the full-blooded Republican Mr. Powell— endorsed Mr. Obama, making sure he stood for principle in supporting Mr. Obama. Mr. Powell was also bothered by the way his own Republican camp was hitting the dirt in their campaign of hatred against the black American Democratic candidate. (Refer again to the You Tube citation in the reference. ) Mr. Powell finally called for â€Å"a generational change†, and coming as it did from a senior Republican – for a long time, an unprecedented bipartisanship– Mr Powell raised a very important gesture of statesmanship and concern for American welfare. (You Tube). . In his book Dreams from my Father, Obama in the first 20 pages described a life that started as a young mind, clueless on the lifetime struggle that was to be on his shoulders as a black mestizo. He described Kansas, as â€Å"the dab-smack, landlocked center of the country, a place where decency and endurance and the pioneer spirit were joined at the hip with conformity and suspicion and the potential for unblinking cruelty. † (p. 13). Take note of his analogy of the metaphorical duality of his environment when he described Kansas as a place of decency, endurance, and (pioneering) spirit on the upper side, joined in the hip with such negative traits as conformity, suspicion, and the potential for Surname 3 unblinking cruelty†¦ This fairly balanced assessment of his origins recognized the fundamental decency of the American people , but also noted the attitudinal duality to racial origins in his country of birth. In this book Obama explored the pervasive racial issues that he encountered in life, from childhood, to college, — and by now he must have realized—to the present, when as the Democrat candidates, he stood on the threshold of American presidency. Despite this stature, he was still grappling with the race issue. As a young man, Obama was unmindful of the thought â€Å"(that )my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk. † (p. 16) It was an infinitely harder life for the common blacks. In Obama’s case he only started to become aware of the weight of his racial identity as he grew up. Obama as a black did not come from the underprivileged, but from a relatively middle class environment. Compared to what Obama went through, Brent Staples now tells us that ordinary blacks suffered even harsher environments. Consoling blacks, he reminded them of the historical movement toward their freedom. They came from a country that barely a few decades ago was absolutely racist, a virtual apartheid which situation started to collapse only after World War II. Staples said that only after the collapse did blacks start to move out of their sequestered world and into colleges, jobs, and walks of life that had been closed to them until then. Surname 4 Still, black Americans who came from successful, suburban and upwardly mobile families were regularly dismissed as white or inauthentic . In other words, Brent Staples also blamed blacks for wanting to further marginalize themselves and to inflict on themselves a marginalized status. â€Å"The authentic black experience, it was said at the time, was limited to the hard-core, impoverished upbringing that black people often chose to brag about, even when they had actually grown up with private prep schools in the lap of luxury,† was Brent’s assessment of the black mentality of the 60s. In other words, even Obama was unacceptable to these blacks because he was not authentically â€Å"black† in the poverty side of the issue. But another Republican Alan Keyes dished out another execrable crap when he opposed Mr. Obama in the Illinois Senate race back in 2004 saying Mr. Obama was not black because â€Å"he was not descended from slaves. † Clearly both black and whites think of blacks as having to be miserable in order to qualify for this racial group. The self-image of this group seems to be one that perpetually deprecates itself as always coming from the bottom. Mr. Obama himself, a would-be president of the United States has experienced the existential problem of how it is to be black in the world’s most prosperous country. In his book Obama disclosed how he coped with life as a black in a society dominated by whites. As Staples explains it: â€Å"He stumbled onto the mysteries of race in his own good time and pursued them in his own way. His quest took him to an impoverished community on the South Surname 5 Side of Chicago, where he worked as an organizer in an infamous public housing project before discovering his vocation as a politician. † And Staples sees hope that this division would soon be resolved with a greater understanding of the multiplicity of experiences among marginalized peoples in any society. Said he: â€Å"†¦ The hue and cry over Barack Obama’s identity stems from a failure by black traditionalists to recognize multiracial versions of themselves. Soon enough, perhaps by year’s end, however, the Obama story, which seems so exotic to so many people now, will have found its place among all the other stories of the sprawling black diaspora. † Surname 6 Works Cited Obama, Barack. Dreams of My Father. US: Three River Press, 1995,pp. 1-20. Staples, Brent. Decoding the Debate Over the Blackness of Barack Obama. (2007) The Editorial Observer. Retrieved October 19. 2008 from: http://files. meetup. com/427541/Blackness%20of%20Barack%20Obama%20. doc You Tube campaign against Obama . Retrieved Oct. 21, 2008. http://sayanythingblog. com/entry/a_video_that_could_change_the_election/

essay on colonies essays

essay on colonies essays The New England and Southern Colonies were both settled largely by the English. By 1700, the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the antithesis of the New England colonies attributes. New England was colonized for Freedom of Worship and freedom of political thought. The Southern colonies were developed for freedom of economic opportunity. The New England colonies had aspirations for a distinct society, where they could show their homeland, how a country should be run. The southern colonies had goals for mercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. The New England colonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to live and worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies(Virginia) had a government based on a royal government, where the state was governed by a governor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen by the people. Finally, the New England colonies wanted to establish the colony for religious motives, while the southern colonies were established England and the rebels of England (Pilgrims), made up the New England and southern colonies. "God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other mean and in subjection. Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man."(John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity) This statement by John Winthrop, demonstrates importance of religion in the lives of the New England settlers. "We must delight in each other, make others' conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as ...

How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay

How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay When it comes to writing, a persuasive essay is geared towards positing arguments that will convince your audience that your views and ideas are valid and should be accepted. Of course, your arguments must be strong enough to convince and groundbreaking to reason with people’s opinions. It means that here a form of data submission plays an important role and you must present statements in a persuasive manner. You can do this through three main techniques, and they include ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos simply means the concept of convincing people through authoritative stats or experienced and well-known people. This stems from the fact that we tend to believe and agree with the ones who we respect much and trust their judgments. Logos means persuasion based on the unaided power of human reason. Human reasoning is used as the main concept, as the audience is called to deeply consider the idea posited, so as to confirm its veracity with both inductive and deductive reasoning. But the main concept that must be mentioned is pathos. It presupposes using an appeal to emotions to get the reader to believe in what you write. Here, the core persuasion lies on the emotional side of people’s minds and the choice of language. However, this seems to be the most difficult, as you have to find out what the audience is emotionally attached to. When you do, you put them in that mood so that all the ideas you posit will be well received by them. The in-thing here is that you must have a good knowledge of the psychology of the human mind in general and that of the audience in particular. With this, you can work on their psyche to make them either very angry towards a circumstance or very happy as the case may be. This has many options that can make it fly. Creating a feeling of shame, or lack of it, kindness or lack of it or even emulation can go a long way in making people pay attention to your arguments and discuss them. This is actually the most used method for persuasive writing in religion and politics. It is based on the saying that â€Å"in a two horse race, emotion wins the argument instead of reason.† You use the pathos method to invoke some level of sympathy from the audience, based on anger and calmness, friendship and enmity, shame and shamelessness, pity and indignation, kindness and unkindness, envy and emulation, etc. When you want to pose an argument in the pathos manner, you have to know what their state or mind of audience is, where their emotions are directed and why they feel the way they do. When you set out to ague, make use of rhetorical and stylistic devices, choose the best and most appropriate words, make the rightful delivery with proper tones, volume and speed, use metaphor and try to tell a story. You must also use the right frame of mind. Be authentic, don’t sound unreal and be human in the argument. For instance, you can campaign for an elective post by expanding about people dying because of bad governance. In terms of advertisements, it can involve making people feel empathy for animals and animal rights group by showing images of abused animals. As you can see, there are many ways to use pathos in persuasive paper writing and it will surely be beneficial for you arguments. Make appeal to emotions and your essay will be extremely convincing!

Reading Response 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response 7 - Essay Example ocial networking sites are obvious—students feel more connected and display more confidence when they are active participants on social networking sites. From my point of view, teachers who discourage the use of social networking sites only turn students against them. While social networking sites can be used for purposes other than schoolwork, which takes away from studies, there are many instances where social networking sites can assist students’ performance. Say for example than a student does not understand a concept completely and requires some additional help. If this is so, that particular student could ask for help from their peers and receive almost an instant response. The article does mention the downsides of using Facebook, such as lower grades, less money from part-time jobs, and loneliness. While all these things must be taken into consideration, I believe that the positives outweigh the negatives, and so social networking sites are something that should be encouraged. Lori Aratani’s article â€Å"Teens Can Multitask, But What Are Costs† discusses an issue that is rarely brought up. I can relate to Megan Casady because my life follows a similar trajectory. I am always moving from one task to the next while trying to juggle a few things at a time. But I don’t think that it is all bad because it shows how productive young people can be. Teenagers are at an age where they have the energy to go out and do all sorts of stuff, so why not let them have the freedom to do that if they wish? I admit that I do not really think about the consequences of multitasking; it is just something that we do. I think it comes from the pressure to be more than we currently are. I mean, there are only so many hours in the day, and it seems like a race to get as many things done as possible. If people took the time to slow down and concentrate on the small tasks in life, it may lead a healthier individual. This is something that I should maybe take in to

Financial Group Work 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Group Work 1 - Coursework Example Venture capital is very significant in job creation and also as an innovation tool within geographical area or an economic sector. Before 1985, China had no venture capital activities on board, but in the following years it succeeded in fostering a venture capital industry through government funded initiatives. Due to China’s ambitions to cultivate a more innovative economy, China’s State Science and Technology Commission in 1985 developed the China New Technology Venture Capital Investment Corporation (CNTVI) which was the first VC firm to operate in China. Although investment activities geared up in 1990’s, in 1980’s several other government funded VC firms had joined the market (Zhang 35). Tax benefits were put in place (early 1990’s) to incentivize investment in VC in young Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SME’s). By creating state operated and funded VC firms, several provinces started to participate in VC markets (by early 1990’s). There was a major shift in VC policy in 1998 after CNTVI was shut down because it failed to commercialize development and research projects and was replaced by the Innovation Fund for Small and Medium Technology-based Enterprises (Innofund) which was one of the first hybrid VC funds. Though Innofund had no much impact, it led to the rise of additional hybrid VC in the following years (Zhang 76). By the start of mid-2000’s, increased VC market participation among several other implemented policies like encouraging foreign investment and diversifying VC sources were very successful. In 2010 total VC investment was 30 times greater than that of 1999 (Zhang 154). Some of the current Chinese economic policies include; In the late 1980s, the first generation of VC began its operations and the movement gained momentum in 1990s. As the number of start-up companies expanded, the international

Selective Dialkylation of a Doubly Linked Dicyclopentadiene Ligand and Research Paper

Selective Dialkylation of a Doubly Linked Dicyclopentadiene Ligand and the Ensuing Ruthenium Complexes - Research Paper Example The authors state the motivation behind such an approach as â€Å"While Ru3(CO)12 is an ideal starting material with regard to the cis to trans isomeric ratio formed around the doubly linked dicyclopentadienyl ligand, the CO ligand usually requires high heat or photolytic conditions and laborious chemicalsteps to remove it from the metal center. These chemical steps reduce the synthetic versatility of the resulting ruthenium complexes that contain a CO ligand† (Fier, et al., 2011). The paper concludes with a structure refinement of the obtained diruthenium complex which has the structural representation: Synthesis Route The reaction begins with the hydroxyl bromination of 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,4,7,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene (1a; C2v symmetry) and 4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-1,4,5,8-tetrahydro-s-indacene (1b; C2h symmetry) by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), NH4OAc and H2O/ Acetone. The dehydration of the resulting compound was done under anaerobic conditions in the presence of p-TsOH.H2O to yie ld the compounds 2 a,b. Reaction of 2a,b with MeMgBr in the presence of Ni-(dppf)Br2 (dppf = 1,1?-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) gave (C5H3Me)2(CMe2)2 (3a,b) in 31% yield. However, it was found that this compound 3 a,b did not react very well with RuCl3.3H20. Adding a bulkier alkyl group could lead to a specific 2,6 bonding making advantage of stearic repulsion with the methyl groups in the 4,8 position. Thus, the first reaction was modified to yield: Reaction of 4a,b with RuCl3 ·3H2O in MeOH (140  °C,15 min) gives a green-black heterogeneous mixture, with filtration of the mixture yielding a dark purple-black solid which was found to be diamagnetic. A subsequent X-ray crystallographic study of the new compound showed it to be the half-sandwich complex cis-{(?5-C5H2-(t-Bu))2(CMe2)2}Ru2(?-Cl)2Cl2 (5), containing RuII / RuII metal centers. The preferred way to synthesize 5 is to bypass the filtration and isolation step of the purple intermediate and to just remove the MeOH solve nt from the crude reactionmixture, add CHCl3, and heat to 80  °C for 15 min to give 5 in 28% yield (Scheme 2). The Structure of 5 shows a Ru?Ru single bond with a bond length of 2.7057(3) A, which would explain the diamagnetic nature of 5. Evidence for the RuII/RuII core is provided by the dissolution of the purple solid in MeCN to form cis-[{(?5-C5H2(t-Bu))2(CMe2)2}Ru2(MeCN)4(?-Cl)]+ (6), Complex 6 can also be synthesized by the reduction of 5 using Zn dust in MeCN and isolated in 62% yield (Scheme 3) The authors have successfully alkylated the 2,6-positions of the doubly linked dicyclopentadiene ligand 1a,b with either Me or tertbutylgroups. When the alkyl groups are tert-butyl groups, the resulting ligand reacts with RuCl3 ·3H2O to yield 5, the doubly linked analogue of [CpRuCl2]2 and [Cp*RuCl2]2. 5 can be reduced with Zn in MeCN to yield 6, an acetonitrile complex with a bridging chloro ligand. The bridging chloro ligand in 6 can be removed by the addition of AgOTf to yield 7, a ruthenium complex containing only the doubly linked dicyclopentadienyland acetonitrile ligands. Chin, R. M., Simonson, A., Mauldin, J., & Criswell, J. (2010). Organometallics , 29 (17), 3868?3875. Fier, P.

Coming of Age Essay Example for Free

Coming of Age Essay Around the world there are many themes that we find over and over in many cultures and from many periods in time. One of the reoccurring themes that everyone goes through in the lifetime is the theme of coming of age. This occurs when a young person goes through the transition from childhood to adulthood and has life experiences that matures a person. We all have experienced a coming of age story by reading them in books, seeing them on TV or in movies, or maybe even personal experiences based on ones culture. It’s clear that coming of age is a crucial element of our self-representations and conceptions. Generally, all of living is a process of coming of age as seen in the novel, Catcher in the Rye. Holden Caulfield, who is sixteen-year-old boy with the mind of a ten year old. He thinks of innocence as important in the beginning of the novel. But later on in the book, Holden slowly grows to be an adult. For example, when Holden gets soaking wet by rain when he is watching his little sister ride the carousal he â€Å"felt so damn happy all of a sudden†(213). This symbolizes Holden entering adulthood because he realizes the happiness in life. He realizes that he is too big for the carousel and is happy that his sister is happy. Holden’s childish personality continued to wash away as he reached a stage of maturity. Over the course of the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is taken from a position of innocence, in which she believes that she is safe and that there aren’t many â€Å"bad people† in the world, to the position where she has witnessed some of the bad things that have happened but realizes that she is not entirely safe. That is tested at the end of the novel when Scout was attacked while walking home with her brother Jem. Similarities were show in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Hucks maturity begins to grow as he first starts to show emotions toward a runaway slave, and by the end of the novel, has grown up to the point where, when Jim, is captured, Huck decides to give up playing games after Tom is shot to ensure that he would get medical attention that he needed. In an episode of Malcolm in the Middle it revolved around Malcolm trying to help his classmate Dabney get into a paintball match despite the resistance of Dabneys overbearing mom. Once Dabney unleashes years of repressed aggression, his mom comes around to try to drag him off. Dabney reacts back by saying â€Å" I’m no longer your little boy anymore. I’m your little man† showing that Dabney has matured and stands up and says what he believes. In the movie Edward Scissorhands, Edward is taken in by a family who he depends on. The family teach him how to think for himself so that one day he can gain the independence that is necessary for him to go out on his own. Edward living off of the familys support and trying things for himself is a coming of age process in itself. When he starts acting out and making his own decisions he is transitioning into an independent mindset that eventually allowed him to make the choice of living alone and fend for himself. Roman Catholics believe that Confirmation â€Å".. completes the process of initiation into the community and it matures the soul for the work ahead.. During confirmation God the Holy Spirit comes upon the person, accompanied by God the Father and God the Son, just as he did at Pentecost. †(Acts 2:1–4) Those who have been confirmed are called â€Å"Soldiers of God†. This refers to their spiritual duty to fight evil, darkness, and Satan. In Nigeria, young girls known as Iriabo spend several weeks in â€Å"fattening rooms† being pampered and wearing copper coils around their legs to restrict movement as part of a ritual marking their official transition into womanhood. In Senegal, Bassari boys undergoing the Kore rite and are taken into a sacred forest where they experience a symbolic death and a return to infancy, a state of ritual purity from where they are reborn as mature members of the community. (Hipple) Ultimately, the coming of age experience is a very much so significant time in ones life. People have to continue to find themselves and explore who they are even after the coming of age experience. It has lasting effects on a person as it has an impact on our dreams and desires that we want to fit into our world.

A Womans Place by Naomi Wolf :: Feminism

The True Woman "A Woman’s Place", the name of the commencement speech given by Naomi Wolf at the Scripps College graduation in 1992; contrasts the independent and the dependent woman. In today’s society, there are two different types of women: the woman who has a good head on her shoulders and knows where she is going in the world, and the woman who seeks dependence within the masculine world. Just as they were thirty years ago, women are still not considered to be equal to men. They are more or less looked at as being second to men. Naomi Wolf is a Jewish feminist writer who supports the independent woman. She was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University and graduated from Yale in 1984. Since then, Wolf has written two books that she is very well known for. She wrote her first book, titled The Beauty Myth, when she was twenty-nine years old. This book talks about women and how they feel beauty is one of the most important factors that will get you anything or anywhere. Her second book Fire With Fire was written in 1993. This book is about women taking control and not being victimized. Wolf is said to be a headstrong feminist that really believes in women’s power. In her commencement speech she mentions four factors of knowledge that she believes are mandatory for women to remedy. Her idea of a true or good woman is a strong woman who knows what she wants from life, is out to succeed, and will survive. An untrue or bad woman is a lady that is weak, that has a tendency to get run over, and has no real ambition for what she wants to do with her life. Wolf says that in order to become a headstrong, successful woman, one needs to redefine becoming a woman. Women have many different ways to clarify becoming women. According to Wolf, men have it a lot easier; however, most people in society would not agree with this. Boys have just as hard of a time becoming a man as a girl does becoming a woman. One might believe that Wolf is trying to say a women needs to redefine herself in order to have a place to start, so she can figure out what she wants to be and where she wants to go.

Western and Eastern Architecture

Culture and traditions have been an important component in influencing the development and creation of both Chinese and Roman architecture. It is through these norms that standards and perceptions of beauty are created. Each facet is deeply rooted in its ability to showcase the variety of actions from the structural foundations towards internal arrangements. These ideas then constitute the relevant ideas that have transformed the way construction and design is manifested within the boundaries of each culture. In the end, these differences created similarities and differences in approaches that harnessed each one’s individuality and contribution to the world today. On one aspect, we see the Roman architecture which bases its definition and construction of structures and buildings under a prescribed standard and format. These prevailing concepts have evolved through time under the pioneering Roman thinkers during the time. Under this process, a system for construction was introduced with by using important tenets such as geometry and mathematics that denote synchronization and order of things. Through this, the Romans advocate the relevance of proportion, both in exterior and interior design. It is through this that they are able to create their own distinct mark such as the formation of tablinum, atrium and peristyle courtyards. Comparing this with Chinese architecture, it can be argued that the overall design and architecture is considered to be free flowing. The plan captures the relevance of aesthetics by capturing the elements of nature and blending them accordingly with the both in the interior and exterior of the structure. It is through these actions that the idea of harmonization and being one with the overall surroundings becomes important. In addition, incorporation of natural elements such as trees and plants are also some distinct facets practiced by the Chinese. Moreover, adopting relative natural elements to these structures also necessitates generating freedom and ability to garner wholeness. Seeing these relevant differences, there are also similarities between these distinct approaches in viewing architecture and design. One relevant parallelism that can be seen in this process is that both approaches denote a system and standard of measurement and design. Though the Chinese may not be too strict about this and often tries to cover this up, the two ideas exhibit relevant attention to such facet and helps them apply significant ideas that contribute the creation of magnificent structures. Another significant similarity between these two styles is their ability to dig deep within their cultural backgrounds and affiliations to come up with standards and processes of how to construct and design structures. Take for example, the Chinese model for Buddhism and its relevance with being one with nature (Zen) has been the core concepts that generate such buildings. On the other hand, for the Romans, it is their constant passion for architecture and magnificent design that has enabled them to come up with ideas such as Coliseums, arched domes, and public baths. These similarities in turn foster their individuality as each approach makes their distinct mark in the overall application and design process. It may be true that each one possesses similar building foundations however; each one targets a different path in its application. With their ability to fabricate unique sets of designs, both the Chinese and Romans were able to create a framework that is encompassing and facilitative towards the growth of their relative inventiveness and capture the essence of their cultural heritage and practice.

Sarnath

The Buddha went from Bodhgaya to Sarnath about 5 weeks after his enlightenment. Before Gautama (the Buddha-to-be) attained enlightenment, he gave up his austere penances and his friends, the Pancavaggiya monks, left him and went to Isipatana. [4] After attaining Enlightenment the Buddha, leaving Uruvela, travelled to the Isipatana to Join and teach them. He went to them because, using his spiritual powers, he had seen that his five former companions would be able to understand Dharma quickly.While travelling to Sarnath, Gautama Buddha had to cross the Ganges. Having no money with which to pay the ferryman, he crossed the Ganges through the air. When King Bimbis ¤ra heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics. When Gautama Buddha found his five former companions, he taught them, they understood and as a result they also became enlightened. At that time the Sangha, the community of the enlightened ones, was founded. The sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was his irst sermon, called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.It was given on the full-moon day of Asalha PuJa. [5] Buddha subsequently also spent his first rainy season at Sarnath[6] at the Mulagandhakuti. The Sangha had grown to 60 in number (after Yasa and his friends had become monks), and Buddha sent them out in all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma. All 60 monks were Arahants. Several other incidents connected with the Buddha, besides the preaching of the first sermon, are entioned as having taken place in Isipatana.Here it was that one day at dawn Yasa came to the Buddha and became an Arahant. [7] It was at Isipatana, too, that the rule was passed prohibiting the use of sandals made of talipot leaves. [8] On another occasion when the Buddha was staying at Isipatana, having gone there from R ¤Jagaha, he instituted rules forbidding the use of certain kinds of flesh, including human flesh. [9] Twice, while the Buddha was at Isipatana, M ¤ra visited him but had to go away discomfited. [10]

How to Measure Motion in Plate Tectonics

How to Measure Motion in Plate Tectonics The lithospheric plates are the sections of Earths crust and upper mantle that move- very slowly- over the lower mantle below. We know that these plates move from two different lines of evidence- geodetic and geologic- which allow us to trace their movements back in geologic time. Geodetic Plate Motion Geodesy, the science of measuring the Earths shape and positions on it, allows us to measure plate motion directly using GPS, the Global Positioning System. This network of satellites is more stable than the Earths surface, so when a whole continent moves somewhere at a few centimeters per year, GPS can tell. The longer we record this information, the more accurate it becomes, and in much of the world, the numbers are already quite precise. Another thing GPS can show us is tectonic movements within plates. One assumption behind plate tectonics is that the lithosphere is rigid, and indeed that is still a sound and useful assumption. But parts of the plates are soft in comparison, like the Tibetan Plateau and the western American mountain belts. GPS data helps us separate blocks that move independently, even if only by a few millimeters per year. In the United States, the Sierra Nevada and Baja California micro-plates have been distinguished this way. Geologic Plate Motion: Present Three different geologic methods help determine the trajectories of plates: paleomagnetic, geometric, and seismic. The paleomagnetic method is based on the Earths magnetic field. In every volcanic eruption, iron-bearing minerals (mostly magnetite) become magnetized by the prevailing field as they cool. The direction in which theyre magnetized points to the nearest magnetic pole. Because oceanic lithosphere forms continuously by volcanism at spreading ridges, the whole oceanic plate bears a consistent magnetic signature. When the Earths magnetic field reverses direction, as it does for reasons not fully understood, the new rock takes on the reversed signature. Thus most of the seafloor has a striped pattern of magnetizations as if it were a piece of paper emerging from a fax machine (only its symmetrical across the spreading center). The differences in magnetization are slight, but sensitive magnetometers on ships and aircraft can detect them. The most recent magnetic-field reversal was 781,000 years ago, so mapping that reversal gives us a good idea of plate movements in the most recent geologic past. The geometric method gives us the spreading direction to go with the spreading speed. Its based on the transform faults along the mid-ocean ridges. If you look at a spreading ridge on a map, it has a stair-step pattern of segments at right angles. If the spreading segments are the treads, the transforms are the risers that connect them. Carefully measured, these transforms reveal directions of spread. With plate speeds and directions, we have velocities that can be plugged into equations. These velocities match the GPS measurements nicely. Seismic methods use the focal mechanisms of earthquakes to detect the orientation of faults. Although less accurate than paleomagnetic mapping and geometry, these methods are useful for measuring plate movements in parts of the globe that arent well mapped and have fewer GPS stations. Geologic Plate Motion: Past We can extend measurements into the geologic past in several ways. The simplest one is to extend paleomagnetic maps of the oceanic plates out from the spreading centers. Magnetic maps of the seafloor translate precisely into age maps. These maps also reveal how the plates changed velocity as collisions jostled them into rearrangements. Unfortunately, the seafloor is relatively young, no more than about 200 million years old, because it eventually disappears beneath other plates by subduction. As we look deeper into the past, we must rely more and more on paleomagnetism in continental rocks. As plate movements have rotated the continents, the ancient rocks have turned with them, and where their minerals once indicated north, they now point somewhere else, toward apparent poles. When you plot these apparent poles on a map, they appear to wander away from true north as rock ages go back in time. In fact, north does not change (usually), and the wandering paleo-poles tell a story of wandering continents. Together, the methods listed above allow us to produce an integrated timeline of the movement of the lithospheric plates, a tectonic travelogue that leads smoothly up to the present.